Maryland Toleration Act, continued ...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Origin of the law
The Maryland colony was founded by Cecil Calvert in 1634.
Like his father George Calvert, who had originated the efforts that led to the colony's charter, Cecil Calvert was Catholic at a time when England was dominated by the Anglican Church.
The Calverts intended the colony as a haven for Catholics fleeing England and as a source of income for themselves and their descendants.
Many of Maryland's first settlers were Catholic, including at least two Catholic priests, one of whom became the earliest chronicler of the colony's history.
But whatever Calvert's intentions, Maryland was a colony of an Anglican nation.
Its charter had been granted by an Anglican king and seems to have assumed that the Church of England would be its official church.
Anglican and later Puritan newcomers quickly came to outnumber the early Catholic settlers.
Thus, by 1649 when the law was passed, the colonial assembly was dominated by Protestants, and the law was in effect an act of Protestant tolerance for Catholics, rather than the reverse.
From Maryland's earliest days, Cecil Calvert had enjoined its colonists to leave religious rivalries behind.
Along with giving instructions on the establishment and defense of the colony, he asked the men he appointed to lead it to ensure peace between Protestants and Catholics.
He also asked the Catholics to practice their faith as privately as possible, so as not to disturb that peace.
The Ordinance of 1639, Maryland's earliest comprehensive law, expressed a general commitment to the rights of man, but did not specifically detail protections for religious minorities of any kind.
Peace prevailed until the English Civil War, which opened religious rifts and threatened Calvert's control of Maryland.
In 1647, after the death of Governor Leonard Calvert, Protestants seized control of the colony.
Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, quickly regained power, but recognized that religious tolerance not specifically enshrined in law was vulnerable.
This recognition was combined with the arrival of a group of Puritans whom Calvert had induced to establish Providence, now Annapolis, by guaranteeing their freedom of worship.
Partially to confirm the promises he made to them, Calvert wrote the Maryland Toleration Act and encouraged the colonial assembly to pass it.
They did so on April 21, 1649.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Toleration_Act
THE POT BELLY STOVE ROOM
Re: THE POT BELLY STOVE ROOM
Maryland Toleration Act, continued ...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Description
The Maryland Toleration Act was an act of tolerance, allowing specific religious groups to practice their religion without being punished, but retaining the ability to revoke that right at any time.
It also only granted tolerance to Christians who believed in the Trinity.
The law was very explicit in limiting its effects to Christians:
...no person or persons...professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be anyways troubled, Molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within this Province...
— Maryland Toleration Act, 1649
Settlers who blasphemed by denying either the Trinity or the divinity of Jesus Christ could be punished by execution or the seizure of their lands.
That meant that Jews, Unitarians, and other dissenters from Trinitarian Christianity were practicing their religions at risk to their lives.
Any person who insulted the Virgin Mary, the apostles, or the evangelists could be whipped, jailed, or fined.
Otherwise, Trinitarian Christians' right to worship was protected.
The law outlawed the use of "heretic" and other religious insults against them.
This attempt to limit the use of religious slurs and insults has been described as the first attempt in the world to limit the use of hate speech.
The law was used in at least one attempt to prosecute a non-Christian.
In 1658 a Jew named Jacob Lumbrozo was accused of blasphemy after saying that Jesus was not the son of God and that the miracles described in the New Testament were conjuring tricks.
Lumbrozo did not deny having said such things, but argued that he had only been responding to questions asked of him.
He was held for trial but the case was later dismissed, and he was given full citizenship as a condition of the restoration of Calvert's rule following the English Civil War.
The law had its detractors, even among those groups protected by it.
Puritans were concerned that the act and the proprietary government in general were royalist.
They were also concerned that by swearing allegiance to Calvert, who was Catholic, they were being required to submit to the Pope, whom they considered to be the antichrist.
Some Anglicans also opposed the law, believing that the Church of England should be the colony's sole established church.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Toleration_Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Description
The Maryland Toleration Act was an act of tolerance, allowing specific religious groups to practice their religion without being punished, but retaining the ability to revoke that right at any time.
It also only granted tolerance to Christians who believed in the Trinity.
The law was very explicit in limiting its effects to Christians:
...no person or persons...professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be anyways troubled, Molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within this Province...
— Maryland Toleration Act, 1649
Settlers who blasphemed by denying either the Trinity or the divinity of Jesus Christ could be punished by execution or the seizure of their lands.
That meant that Jews, Unitarians, and other dissenters from Trinitarian Christianity were practicing their religions at risk to their lives.
Any person who insulted the Virgin Mary, the apostles, or the evangelists could be whipped, jailed, or fined.
Otherwise, Trinitarian Christians' right to worship was protected.
The law outlawed the use of "heretic" and other religious insults against them.
This attempt to limit the use of religious slurs and insults has been described as the first attempt in the world to limit the use of hate speech.
The law was used in at least one attempt to prosecute a non-Christian.
In 1658 a Jew named Jacob Lumbrozo was accused of blasphemy after saying that Jesus was not the son of God and that the miracles described in the New Testament were conjuring tricks.
Lumbrozo did not deny having said such things, but argued that he had only been responding to questions asked of him.
He was held for trial but the case was later dismissed, and he was given full citizenship as a condition of the restoration of Calvert's rule following the English Civil War.
The law had its detractors, even among those groups protected by it.
Puritans were concerned that the act and the proprietary government in general were royalist.
They were also concerned that by swearing allegiance to Calvert, who was Catholic, they were being required to submit to the Pope, whom they considered to be the antichrist.
Some Anglicans also opposed the law, believing that the Church of England should be the colony's sole established church.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Toleration_Act
Re: THE POT BELLY STOVE ROOM
Maryland Toleration Act, concluded ...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Repeal and legacy
In 1654, only five years after its passage, the Act was repealed.
Two years earlier the colony had been seized by Protestants following the execution of King Charles I of England and the outbreak of the English Civil War.
In the early stages of that conflict, the colonial assembly of Maryland and its neighbors in Virginia had publicly declared their support for the King.
Parliament appointed Protestant commissioners loyal to their cause to subdue the colonies, and two of them, the Virginian William Claiborne and Puritan leader Richard Bennett, took control of the colonial government in St. Mary's City in 1652.
In addition to repealing the Maryland Toleration Act with the assistance of Protestant assemblymen, Claiborne and Bennett passed a new law barring Catholics from openly practicing their religion.
Calvert regained control after making a deal with the colony's Protestants, and in 1657 the Act was again passed by the colonial assembly.
This time, it would last more than thirty years, until 1692.
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England, when the Catholic King James II of England was deposed and the Protestant William III ascended the throne, a rebellion of Maryland Puritan Protestants overthrew Calvert's rule.
They quickly rescinded the Toleration Act and banned public practice of Catholicism, and it would never be reinstated under colonial rule.
In fact, the colony established the Church of England as its official church in 1702 and explicitly barred Catholics from voting in 1718.
The Calvert family regained control over the colony in 1715, but only after Benedict Calvert converted to Protestantism.
His political control remained tense enough that he did not risk an attempt to reinstate protections for Catholics.
It took until the era of the American Revolution for religious tolerance or freedom to again become the practice in Maryland.
While the law did not secure religious freedom, and while it included severe limitations, it was nonetheless a significant milestone.
It predates the Enlightenment, which is generally considered to be when the idea of religious freedom took root, and stands as the first legal guarantee of religious tolerance in American and British history.
Later laws ensuring religious tolerance and freedom, including the British Act of Toleration of 1689, the Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania, and laws concerning religion in other colonies such as South Carolina, may have been influenced by its example.
According to historian Robert Brugger, "...the measure marked a notable departure from Old World oppression."
It was not until the passage of the signed First Amendment to the Constitution over a century later that religious freedom was enshrined as a fundamental guarantee, but even that document echoes the Toleration Act in its use of the phrase, "free exercise thereof".
Thus, despite its lack of a full guarantee of religious freedom or broad-based tolerance, the law is, "a significant step forward in the struggle for religious liberty."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Toleration_Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Repeal and legacy
In 1654, only five years after its passage, the Act was repealed.
Two years earlier the colony had been seized by Protestants following the execution of King Charles I of England and the outbreak of the English Civil War.
In the early stages of that conflict, the colonial assembly of Maryland and its neighbors in Virginia had publicly declared their support for the King.
Parliament appointed Protestant commissioners loyal to their cause to subdue the colonies, and two of them, the Virginian William Claiborne and Puritan leader Richard Bennett, took control of the colonial government in St. Mary's City in 1652.
In addition to repealing the Maryland Toleration Act with the assistance of Protestant assemblymen, Claiborne and Bennett passed a new law barring Catholics from openly practicing their religion.
Calvert regained control after making a deal with the colony's Protestants, and in 1657 the Act was again passed by the colonial assembly.
This time, it would last more than thirty years, until 1692.
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England, when the Catholic King James II of England was deposed and the Protestant William III ascended the throne, a rebellion of Maryland Puritan Protestants overthrew Calvert's rule.
They quickly rescinded the Toleration Act and banned public practice of Catholicism, and it would never be reinstated under colonial rule.
In fact, the colony established the Church of England as its official church in 1702 and explicitly barred Catholics from voting in 1718.
The Calvert family regained control over the colony in 1715, but only after Benedict Calvert converted to Protestantism.
His political control remained tense enough that he did not risk an attempt to reinstate protections for Catholics.
It took until the era of the American Revolution for religious tolerance or freedom to again become the practice in Maryland.
While the law did not secure religious freedom, and while it included severe limitations, it was nonetheless a significant milestone.
It predates the Enlightenment, which is generally considered to be when the idea of religious freedom took root, and stands as the first legal guarantee of religious tolerance in American and British history.
Later laws ensuring religious tolerance and freedom, including the British Act of Toleration of 1689, the Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania, and laws concerning religion in other colonies such as South Carolina, may have been influenced by its example.
According to historian Robert Brugger, "...the measure marked a notable departure from Old World oppression."
It was not until the passage of the signed First Amendment to the Constitution over a century later that religious freedom was enshrined as a fundamental guarantee, but even that document echoes the Toleration Act in its use of the phrase, "free exercise thereof".
Thus, despite its lack of a full guarantee of religious freedom or broad-based tolerance, the law is, "a significant step forward in the struggle for religious liberty."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Toleration_Act
Re: THE POT BELLY STOVE ROOM
General Assembly of Maryland, An Act for the Liberties of the People - 1639
Maryland Archives 1:41
Be it Enacted By the Lord Proprietarie of this Province of and with the advice and approbation of the ffreemen of the same that all the Inhabitants of this Province being Christians (Slaves excepted) Shall have and enjoy all such rights liberties immunities priviledges and free customs within this Province as any naturall born subject of England hath or ought to have or enjoy in the Realm of England by force or vertue of the common law or Statute Law of England (saveing in such Cases as the same are or may be altered or changed by the Laws and ordinances of this Province)
And Shall not be imprisoned nor disseissed or dispossessed of their freehold goods or Chattels or be out Lawed Exiled or otherwise destroyed fore judged or punished then according to the Laws of this province saveing to the Lord proprietarie and his heirs all his rights and prerogatives by reason of his domination and Seigniory over this Province and the people of the same This Act to Continue till the end of the next Generall Assembly.
The Founders' Constitution
Volume 1, Chapter 14, Document 1
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders ... h14s1.html
The University of Chicago Press
Archives of Maryland: Proceedings and Acts of the General Assembly of Maryland. Edited by William Hand Browne. Vol. 1. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1883.
The University of Chicago
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders ... h14s1.html
Maryland Archives 1:41
Be it Enacted By the Lord Proprietarie of this Province of and with the advice and approbation of the ffreemen of the same that all the Inhabitants of this Province being Christians (Slaves excepted) Shall have and enjoy all such rights liberties immunities priviledges and free customs within this Province as any naturall born subject of England hath or ought to have or enjoy in the Realm of England by force or vertue of the common law or Statute Law of England (saveing in such Cases as the same are or may be altered or changed by the Laws and ordinances of this Province)
And Shall not be imprisoned nor disseissed or dispossessed of their freehold goods or Chattels or be out Lawed Exiled or otherwise destroyed fore judged or punished then according to the Laws of this province saveing to the Lord proprietarie and his heirs all his rights and prerogatives by reason of his domination and Seigniory over this Province and the people of the same This Act to Continue till the end of the next Generall Assembly.
The Founders' Constitution
Volume 1, Chapter 14, Document 1
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders ... h14s1.html
The University of Chicago Press
Archives of Maryland: Proceedings and Acts of the General Assembly of Maryland. Edited by William Hand Browne. Vol. 1. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1883.
The University of Chicago
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders ... h14s1.html
Re: THE POT BELLY STOVE ROOM
Associators
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Associators were members of 17th and 18th century, volunteer, military associations, in the British American Thirteen Colonies and British Colony of Canada, more commonly known as, Maryland Protestant, Pennsylvania, and American Patriot and British Loyalist, colonial militias.
Associators unlike militia were military volunteers exempt from regular mandatory military service.
Other names used to describe associators were "Associations", "Associated", "Refugees", "Volunteers", and "Partisans".
The term, "Non-Associators", applied to American colonists, who refused to support and sign "military association" charters, were not affiliated with associators, or would choose instead, to pay a fine and suffer possible retaliation.
It is rumored that during the American Revolutionary War, some associator units operated more like or were loose-knit criminal gangs.
The present-day U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division is nicknamed the "Associators" helping to preserve the volunteer associators ancestral legacy in Pennsylvania.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associators
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Associators were members of 17th and 18th century, volunteer, military associations, in the British American Thirteen Colonies and British Colony of Canada, more commonly known as, Maryland Protestant, Pennsylvania, and American Patriot and British Loyalist, colonial militias.
Associators unlike militia were military volunteers exempt from regular mandatory military service.
Other names used to describe associators were "Associations", "Associated", "Refugees", "Volunteers", and "Partisans".
The term, "Non-Associators", applied to American colonists, who refused to support and sign "military association" charters, were not affiliated with associators, or would choose instead, to pay a fine and suffer possible retaliation.
It is rumored that during the American Revolutionary War, some associator units operated more like or were loose-knit criminal gangs.
The present-day U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division is nicknamed the "Associators" helping to preserve the volunteer associators ancestral legacy in Pennsylvania.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associators
Re: THE POT BELLY STOVE ROOM
Associators
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Associators
During King George's War, Benjamin Franklin, in 1747, wrote and published the pamphlet, Plain Truth, calling for a voluntary association to defend Philadelphia.
This was in line with his earlier formation of volunteer fire-companies.
This organization was formed and approved by the Council and the officers would be commissioned by the Council President.
The U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division nicknamed the "Associators" traces their lineage to these ancestral Pennsylvania Associators.
In 1755 these groups were re-established in response to Braddock's Defeat.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associators
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Associators
During King George's War, Benjamin Franklin, in 1747, wrote and published the pamphlet, Plain Truth, calling for a voluntary association to defend Philadelphia.
This was in line with his earlier formation of volunteer fire-companies.
This organization was formed and approved by the Council and the officers would be commissioned by the Council President.
The U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division nicknamed the "Associators" traces their lineage to these ancestral Pennsylvania Associators.
In 1755 these groups were re-established in response to Braddock's Defeat.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associators
Re: THE POT BELLY STOVE ROOM
King George's War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
King George's War (1744–1748) is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748).
It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars.
It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia.
Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745.
In French, it is known as the Troisième Guerre Intercoloniale or Third Intercolonial War.
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and restored Louisbourg to France, but failed to resolve any outstanding territorial issues.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
King George's War (1744–1748) is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748).
It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars.
It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia.
Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745.
In French, it is known as the Troisième Guerre Intercoloniale or Third Intercolonial War.
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and restored Louisbourg to France, but failed to resolve any outstanding territorial issues.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_War
Re: THE POT BELLY STOVE ROOM
King George's War, continued ...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Causes
The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander chopped off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was confined to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia.
The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily.
Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743 at Dettingen, and war was only formally declared between Britain and France in March 1744.
Massachusetts did not declare war until June 2.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Causes
The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander chopped off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was confined to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia.
The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily.
Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743 at Dettingen, and war was only formally declared between Britain and France in March 1744.
Massachusetts did not declare war until June 2.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_War
Re: THE POT BELLY STOVE ROOM
King George's War, continued ...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Course of the war
News of war declarations reached the French fortress at Louisbourg first, on May 3, 1744, and the forces there wasted little time in beginning hostilities.
Concerned about their overland supply lines to Quebec, they first raided the British fishing port of Canso on May 23, and then organized an attack on Annapolis Royal, then the capital of Nova Scotia.
However, French forces were delayed in departing Louisbourg, and their Mi'kmaq and Maliseet allies in conjunction with Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, decided to attack on their own in early July.
Annapolis had received news of the war declaration, and was somewhat prepared when the Indians began besieging Fort Anne.
Lacking heavy weapons, the Indians withdrew after a few days.
Then, in mid-August, a larger French force arrived before Fort Anne, but was also unable to mount an effective attack or siege against the garrison, which had received supplies and reinforcements from Massachusetts.
In 1745, British colonial forces captured Fortress Louisbourg after a siege of six weeks.
In retaliation, the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia launched the Northeast Coast Campaign (1745) against the British settlements on the border of Acadia in Maine.
France launched a major expedition to recover Louisbourg in 1746.
Beset by storms, disease, and finally the death of its commander, the Duc d'Anville, it returned to France in tatters without reaching its objective.
The war was also fought on the frontiers between the northern British colonies and New France.
Skirmishing and raiding on the northernmost communities of Massachusetts prompted Governor William Shirley to order the construction of a chain of frontier outposts stretching all the way to its border with New York.
On November 28, 1745, the French with their Indian allies raided and destroyed the village of Saratoga, New York, killing or capturing more than one hundred of its inhabitants.
All of the British settlements north of Albany were accordingly abandoned.
In July 1746 an Iroquois and intercolonial force assembled in northern New York for a retaliatory attack against Canada.
British regulars expected to participate never arrived, and the attack was called off.
A large (1,000+ man) French and Indian force mustered to raid in the upper Hudson River valley in 1746 instead raided in the Hoosac River valley, including an attack on Fort Massachusetts (at present-day North Adams, Massachusetts), made in revenge for the slaying of an Indian leader in an earlier skirmish.
In 1748, Indian allies of the French attacked Schenectady, New York.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Course of the war
News of war declarations reached the French fortress at Louisbourg first, on May 3, 1744, and the forces there wasted little time in beginning hostilities.
Concerned about their overland supply lines to Quebec, they first raided the British fishing port of Canso on May 23, and then organized an attack on Annapolis Royal, then the capital of Nova Scotia.
However, French forces were delayed in departing Louisbourg, and their Mi'kmaq and Maliseet allies in conjunction with Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, decided to attack on their own in early July.
Annapolis had received news of the war declaration, and was somewhat prepared when the Indians began besieging Fort Anne.
Lacking heavy weapons, the Indians withdrew after a few days.
Then, in mid-August, a larger French force arrived before Fort Anne, but was also unable to mount an effective attack or siege against the garrison, which had received supplies and reinforcements from Massachusetts.
In 1745, British colonial forces captured Fortress Louisbourg after a siege of six weeks.
In retaliation, the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia launched the Northeast Coast Campaign (1745) against the British settlements on the border of Acadia in Maine.
France launched a major expedition to recover Louisbourg in 1746.
Beset by storms, disease, and finally the death of its commander, the Duc d'Anville, it returned to France in tatters without reaching its objective.
The war was also fought on the frontiers between the northern British colonies and New France.
Skirmishing and raiding on the northernmost communities of Massachusetts prompted Governor William Shirley to order the construction of a chain of frontier outposts stretching all the way to its border with New York.
On November 28, 1745, the French with their Indian allies raided and destroyed the village of Saratoga, New York, killing or capturing more than one hundred of its inhabitants.
All of the British settlements north of Albany were accordingly abandoned.
In July 1746 an Iroquois and intercolonial force assembled in northern New York for a retaliatory attack against Canada.
British regulars expected to participate never arrived, and the attack was called off.
A large (1,000+ man) French and Indian force mustered to raid in the upper Hudson River valley in 1746 instead raided in the Hoosac River valley, including an attack on Fort Massachusetts (at present-day North Adams, Massachusetts), made in revenge for the slaying of an Indian leader in an earlier skirmish.
In 1748, Indian allies of the French attacked Schenectady, New York.
TO BE CONTINUED …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_War
Re: THE POT BELLY STOVE ROOM
King George's War, concluded ...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aftermath
The war took a heavy toll, especially in the northern British colonies.
The losses of Massachusetts men alone in 1745–46 have been estimated as 8% of that colony's adult male population.
According to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Louisbourg was returned to France three years later, in exchange for the city of Madras in India, captured by the French from the British.
This decision outraged New Englanders, particularly Massachusetts colonists who had contributed the most to the expedition (in terms of funding and personnel.)
The British government eventually acknowledged Massachusetts' effort with a payment of £180,000 after the war, which the province used to retire its devalued paper currency.
The peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes.
Tensions remained in both North America and Europe, and were reignited with the 1754 outbreak of the French and Indian War in North America, which spread to Europe two years later as the Seven Years' War.
Between 1749 and 1755 in Acadia and Nova Scotia, the fighting continued in Father Le Loutre's War.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aftermath
The war took a heavy toll, especially in the northern British colonies.
The losses of Massachusetts men alone in 1745–46 have been estimated as 8% of that colony's adult male population.
According to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Louisbourg was returned to France three years later, in exchange for the city of Madras in India, captured by the French from the British.
This decision outraged New Englanders, particularly Massachusetts colonists who had contributed the most to the expedition (in terms of funding and personnel.)
The British government eventually acknowledged Massachusetts' effort with a payment of £180,000 after the war, which the province used to retire its devalued paper currency.
The peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes.
Tensions remained in both North America and Europe, and were reignited with the 1754 outbreak of the French and Indian War in North America, which spread to Europe two years later as the Seven Years' War.
Between 1749 and 1755 in Acadia and Nova Scotia, the fighting continued in Father Le Loutre's War.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_War